The establishment of 'London Jamaican' as a British urban variety of Jamaican Creole. 'Diaspora' issues: migration of Creole speakers to Britain from the Caribbean (and Nigeria, though this is hardly documented). The significance of these continua for sociolinguistic theory.ĥ. The development of post-creole continua in some places and their absence in others. Developmental issues in Creoles: the ongoing influence of (or absence of influence from) the lexifier (where it is the official language, for example) and the substrate languages (where they continue to be used in the community). Greater complexity (in syntax especially) characteristic of creoles.Ĥ. Phonological characteristics and development of phonology through time. Linguistic characteristics of pidgins and creoles: morphological, syntactic and lexical simplicity and transparency. Bickerton's 'bioprogram hypothesis' – an important driver of research in the 1980s but now discredited.ģ. The nature of the relationship between pidgins and their related creoles. Creole genesis: definition of a creole, development of creoles from pidgins whether abruptly (as apparently, in the case of some plantation slavery pidgins) or over a longer period (as with New Guinea Pidgin). Related phenomena such as foreigner talk, imperfect second language learning, tourist pidgins and Gastarbeiterdeutsch.Ģ. The role of substrate and superstrate languages. Pidgin genesis: definition of a pidgin, pidgin types, theories of pidgin origins, developmental stages of pidgins. ![]() These are areas which would be covered in any course with a substantial element on pidgins and creoles.ġ. Pidgins and Creoles - core areas of study University of New Mexico: Hawaiian pidgin/creole Page on Bislama by the late Terry Crowley. University of New England (Australia): Bislama (Vanuatu) Site including radio programmes with audio files and transcripts in Tok Pisin. Online journal of the Groupe Européen de Recherches en Langues Créoles with articles in English and French, and useful links. A web search, preferably using the names of specific pidgins or creoles, will usually yield something of use. Since websites tend to be quite ephemeral I will list only a few which may be useful. However, it is also possible to find materials in other pidgins and creoles, especially via the internet. The Caribbean creoles are best represented in Britain, as the works of authors like Linton Kwesi Johnson are easy to obtain and contain a lot of Creole. ![]() There are a reasonable number of books available, but teaching materials such as texts can be harder to come by. Resources are an issue when teaching about pidgins and creoles. This may help some students to talk more openly about their (or their family's) use of a pidgin or creole which they may have previously labelled as 'bad English' or 'bad French'. Since both pidgins and creoles tend to attract strong prejudices, it is worth talking about these and challenging them early on. It is valuable to build on any personal knowledge which the students may have. Students and resourcesįew British students will have personal experience of any established pidgin, but many will have some experience with Caribbean creoles directly or indirectly, through knowing speakers personally or being familiar with music such as rap and hip-hop where Creole plays a part. Furthermore, because of their inherent interest, pidgins and creoles can be approached at any level of study: some students will have done something in this area at A-level, while a course can be tailored to suit students in the first, second or third year of undergraduate study. There are also interdisciplinary links, for example to literature studies (particularly postcolonial literature) and development studies. Because of their many points of interest, pidgins and creoles can be used to provide engaging examples of various aspects of syntax, morphology, language acquisition, second language learning, language planning, language rights, globalisation and multilingualism. For this reason, many courses in general linguistics or sociolinguistics will include some element of pidgin and creole studies, though few undergraduates will have an entire course solely on pidgins and creoles. Pidgin and Creole studies have come to be seen as important for the development of linguistic theory (particularly in the areas of language acquisition, language contact, typology and sociolinguistics) since the 1970s. Sample outline of a 9-week course on pidgins and creoles.Pidgins and Creoles - core areas of study.This article suggests ways in which different areas of linguistics can be illuminated by including a discussion of pidgins/creoles, as well as giving a suggested outline for a stand-alone course.
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